Why Study World Religions Essay Example

Why Study World Religions Paper PHL230 Religions of the World I think that it is important to study world religions because it can help people to become more tolerant of other’s beliefs and more compassionate to other people’s causes. With so much war and misunderstanding in the world based on religious viewpoints, it is important to take the time to find out where and why people believe the way that they do. While I find that most people in the world follow a religion based on their geographical location, this is not the case in the United States. Because the US is a country where people from all over the world can come to live it is a place where many different religions are practiced. It is important, especially for people in this country, to study world religions in order to know how to relate to others who live here. Religion has an influence on many aspects of life from politics, education, and the arts. It is important that we study all religions so we get a better understanding of how and why it influences these things. I think the greatest reason to study world religions is for appreciation. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Study World Religions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Study World Religions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Study World Religions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think that studying these religions I have gained a better understanding of people in other areas of the world. I also find that I see many similarities, as well as some differences, in religious ideas and rituals. I think that how we started our studies in this class, with indigenous religions we learned the basics of beliefs and where they originated. I think that because the essence of animism’s â€Å"everything is alive† theory we start to see how people first connected with God and nature. I think that most religions believe that God, or whatever they call him in that religion, is everywhere, that His hand was in the creation of all living things and that there is a purpose for everything. I also find it interesting that although most indigenous people never came into contact with anyone else, and lived in different regions of the world, many of the beliefs are similar. I understand more now how indigenous people could believe that violent weather can be perceived as a wrath from a god because of mistreatment of nature. I think that this is something that can be thought of in today’s world because of global warming. We have mistreated the land for so long and it seems to be taking revenge on us with various weather patterns. Even though in today’s world we see this as just an environmental thing, indigenous religions would see it as a god’s wrath because of the poor treatment of the land. I enjoyed learning about Hinduism and the aspects of karma and samsara I found to be the most interesting parts of the Hindu faith. I think because of the Hindu belief in these things they work towards living a more moral and respectful existence. Karma is the notion of moral consequences that are carried along with every act. (Molloy 87) Samsara is the wheel of life. It is a circle of constant rebirth, suggesting that the world is full of change. (Molloy 87) Because the Hindu believes that the things they do in life have consequences in their reincarnation it makes them try to live better so that their next life may be in a higher position. I find it interesting that in this religion what happens to the person in their next life is up to that individual himself, and it is up to that person to find their own path to their enlightenment. Hinduism is said to be a religion of one truth and may paths. This is something I also found to be different because in my religion of Christianity what happens to you after death is based only upon your belief in Jesus being your savior. The other religion I feel I became more knowledgeable about because of the studies in this class is Buddhism. I had no previous knowledge about this religion other than it existed. The most important concept I feel that I learned from Buddhism is part of the three marks of reality. These are made up of, change, no permanent identity and suffering. In no permanent identity each person and each thing is changing and made up of parts that are also constantly changing. It means that people have no permanent soul or no self. (Molloy133). In suffering it is the fact of life that when life is lived conventionally it can never be fully satisfying because of change. (Molloy pg 134) The mark of reality I found the most interesting is change. The concept of change in Buddhism has us look at life as it really is. Things change gradually and we notice the changes over time. We don’t expect change but nothing ever remains the same. Molloy132) When I learned this I looked over my life and have to admit, that much has changed over time. No matter how we try and keep things the same it is impossible. Children grow up, our body ages, our relationships change. Even things in the world things are constantly changing, landscapes change naturally from things like the tide or erosion, and seasons come and go. In Buddhism the belief is that we are responsible for accepting this and not trying to change the outside world but we need to change ourselves and the way we experience the world. Molloy 134) In studying the world religions I learned that there are similarities; they all seem to have a similar moral code. The basic concept of all religions is to treat everyone with kindness. Ahimsa, â€Å"do no harm†, is a fundamental practice found in religions like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. This is similar to the â€Å"do unto others† concept in Christianity. People should be kind to people as they want people to treat them kindly. I feel that prayer or meditation relate in a way to each other in different religions. Meditation in religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism are a way people can achieve inner peace and improve themselves as human beings. I find that prayer also can bring peace to a person. Prayer in religions like Christianity and Judaism is the way people speak and become closer to God. So in both prayer and meditation people improve themselves and achieve an inner peace. One difference that I learned in the course would be the concepts of time as they relate to religions. Religions such as animism, Hinduism and Buddhism have a cyclical view of time. This means there is no beginning or end but everything goes in a cycle. In Hinduism this is seen in the concept of samsara you are born, live, and are reincarnated so time is always going in a circle of life. In a religion like Christianity, there is a beginning and an end to time. The belief is that one day Jesus will return and then the end of the world where non believers will be sent to hell and the believers will ascend to heaven will happen. Another difference I learned about is in the amount of gods there are or the lack of any god in some religions. In Christianity, Judaism and Islam there is one God and God alone is worshipped. In a religion like Hinduism there are several deities that are worshipped. In Hinduism there is the Brahma, god of the universe, creation. Vishnu is the god of preservation in the universe. Shiva is the god associated to destruction. There are also several other gods in Hinduism like Devi, Durga, Kali, Krishna, and Vishnu. A religion like Daoism has no definite god only a belief of the Dao which is nameless and everything is a manifestation of the Dao. (Molloy 221) I would say that by studying world religions I did come away with many things I had not thought of or knew of before. I think it was beneficial for me because it gave me a better understanding of how people in different regions of the world think. Religion has an effect on many aspects of a person’s thinking. I think because of this, myself being a psychology major, the study of world religions has been very beneficial for me. I will know how to better relate to people of other cultures and schools of thought better because of my study. Works Cited: Molloy, Michael. Experiencing the Worlds Religions, Tradition, Challenge, and Change 5th Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2010.

Dr. Gregory House Essay Example

Dr. Gregory House Essay Example Dr. Gregory House Essay Dr. Gregory House Essay Dr. Gregory House is the chief character in the House telecasting series. He is presently working as the Head of Diagnostic Medicine with a dual forte in infective disease and nephrology at Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital. He is portrayed as egotistic. sarcastic. and appears to dislike most people. He prefers superficial relationships with others. sometimes utilizing cocottes to fulfill his sexual demands. Descriptive Information: Gregory is a 52 twelvemonth old Caucasic male. He prefers to be called House. as he views being called Greg as excessively personal. Dr. House has a lasting disablement in his leg. Dead musculus tissue had to be removed and left a divot in the tegument. He is besides really sensitive about the visual aspect of his thigh. being severely scarred from multiple operations. He is really loath to speak about this disablement and is easy offended if it is brought up. House has been in changeless hurting since the surgery and has become addicted to analgesics. He does non admit his utilizing as a drug job ; he reports it is a hurting job. He states that it does non interfere with his ability to work. At the present clip he has been to npatient intervention for detoxification. nevertheless still struggles with his dependence. House is above norm in his intelligence. holding been accepted to John-Hopkins University for his pre-med surveies. It is his neglect for moralss and protocol that has caused him jobs. He lost an chance for an internship at the Mayo Clinic when he was caught cheating and expelled. His inability to work good with others has been a beginning of employment issues for him in the yesteryear. House’s male parent was a Marine pilot. and he spent most of his childhood traveling to different states. As a consequence he isolated. and concentrated on a assortment of involvements. He is fluid in several linguistic communications. and plays the piano and guitar. At the age of 12. detecting the timing of his construct did non correlate with a clip his male parent was about. he confronted his parents on the paternity. It was revealed to him that his female parent had an matter with the household curate. House feels this was the turning point in his relationship with his male parent. John. He feels he was mistreated by John for this ground. John was cold and commanding. demoing House limited fondness. House was rebellious and was frequently punished harshly both physically and emotionally. House and his female parent had a loving relationship. nevertheless in his desire to avoid his male parent he does non hold her in his life. Showing Problems: House’s showing jobs at this clip are: his dependence to analgesics. his fright of familiarity. and anti-social traits. He besides displays a job with impulse control. Dr. House states his chief ground for utilizing Vicodin was for hurting direction. nevertheless he has admitted to recreational drug usage in his yesteryear. His dependance has caused him professional jobs. acquiring him into problem on several occasions. His dependence has besides caused him jobs with Lisa. the adult female he has feelings for. Dr. Lisa Cuddy and House have had an on-going attractive force crossing 25 old ages. They were get downing to organize a relationship when she had a panic with malignant neoplastic disease. When House couldn’t face losing her. he turned once more to the Vicodin. Lisa ended their relationship when she realized his inability to get by without the usage of drugs. Dr. House has been afraid to see any existent intimacy to others in his life. He has issues of trust due to his mother’s dishonesty and his father’s distance and ill will towards him. This is the primary beginning of his fright of familiarity and cynicism. He hides his frights with a egotistic attitude. and pushes people off alternatively of exposing any exposure. House can be highly defensive. and it is likely he uses his personality in a deliberate effort to estrange anyone who tries to acquire near to him. He is conflicted when confronting his feelings for Lisa. while seeking to keep onto his belief he is wholly self-sufficing. House has acted on legion occasions without respect to his wellness and safety. He besides takes his behaviours to the extreme. When Dr. Cuddy starts dating after their reak-up. he reacts by driving his auto through her forepart window. He states his ground as merely returning her hairbrush. He uses himself as a trial topic for drugs and medical trials. sometimes merely to fulfill his wonder. He has taken experimental drugs in hopes of reconstructing his leg musculus. which finally led to tumours. House has besides injected himself with questionable blood received by an sick patient to see if a blood transfusion caused their symptoms. Model: I believe that person-centered therapy would be the theoretical account best suited for House. I would besides integrate some cognitive-behavioral techniques. House would non react good to any theory that is confrontational. he needs to experience in control. I besides recognize that although his past dramas a large portion in why he has relationship issues. he does non look to desire to revisit these happenings. I believe really small clip should be spent on the topic of his parents specifically. with more clip spent on how he’s covering with relationships now. House would be a hard client to construct a curative relationship with ; nevertheless I do experience it could be done over a period where he felt he was in a safe and non-judgmental environment. He is intelligent and lives to calculate out the pieces in hard medical diagnosings. House may hold a small problem in utilizing this in respects to his ain mental wellness. since he is so enveloped in denial. but he does hold the capacity to make so. The person-centered theoretical account plants on the premises that the client is the expert. and I believe it is one he would react to outdo given his personality type. Treatment Goals: House’s primary issue is addiction. and a deficiency of holding a recovery program. He has been seeking to cover with this on his ain footings. and has had backslidings. His untreated status contributes to his anti-social personality. interferes with his relationships. and causes issues at work. I feel his other showing jobs can neer be to the full addressed until he can derive control over his habit-forming behaviours. Until he comes to footings with his dependence. he will stay stray and go on to be suicidal. Dr. House needs to turn to his trouble with any type of relationship. It is evident at times that he does hold the capacity and this aspect of him is non portion of a personality upset. He displays a demand for people despite his non desiring to. He shows green-eyed monster when Lisa dates others and does has a close friendly relationship with Dr. James Wilson from the infirmary. Dr. Wilson provides House with audience about instances. and frequently personal issues. James is one of the few who can off with naming House out on behaviours. They sometimes have existent minutes on a deeper degree. and at times they can allow travel and portion laughs. House has displayed many cases of debatable impulse-control. He has experimented with Methadone. self-induced insulin daze. and tested deep encephalon stimulation with an electrical goad. The electrical current caused him ictuss. encephalon leeding. and finally led to him being in a coma. He frequently shows no respect for his wellbeing. Once in an agitated province. he dove from a balcony into a pool. These behaviours horrify others around him. Techniques: The person-centered therapy is flexible plenty to be adapted to most personalities. I feel a technique constructing a individual profile would assist House to turn to his dependence issues and in constructing a program. This would get down with naming his properties and strengths. Learning what is sympathetic and worthy about himself. alternatively of concentrating on negatives. will show to him a position of himself in want he wants to be seen. Next he should verbalise what is of import to him. Having clear. concrete believing on what he wants in his life can assist when turn toing what his drug usage will take away from him. and how it is a barrier in accomplishing his coveted result. Finally House should look at what has been working and what is non working as support in his life. This includes relationships. both 1s that may be unhealthy and those he needs to construct. Recovery is greatly impacted by support systems. These can include relationships on a personal degree. and outside support groups. House needs to see what should be changed. what should remain the same. and what makes sense every bit far as being realistic. Rational affectional behavioural therapy ( REBT ) could be good to House in covering with his fright of familiarity. The basic hypothesis is that people are non disturbed by events. but by the positions in which they take on them. Therapy would challenge his irrational beliefs and prosecute him in activities that can counter them. Showing House the faulty belief system he imposes on everyone he meets. he can get down to work on seeing how his actions are self-sabotaging. If he can truly hold on how his beliefs are barricading him. he can happen ways to alter and command them. It will assist him to pass on more efficaciously with others. I believe societal accomplishment groups could assist House with his impulse-control. Group therapies aid with answerability of the behaviour. and supply for feedback. This therapy is a powerful locale for growing and alteration. Participants receive enormous apprehension. support. and encouragement from others confronting similar issues. House could besides derive different positions. thoughts. and point of views on those issues. I feel a discrepancy outside of one-on-one would be good for House. As egotistic as he can be. I think excessively much attending to entirely his issues at one time would coerce him to go more defensive and less unfastened to intervention. Appraisal: House’s intervention ends will take some clip to be actualized. Addiction is rooted non merely in behaviours. but besides his biological science. He will necessitate to hold some strong support built in along with get bying accomplishments. Given the fact relationships with others need to be for the support to be effectual. these intervention ends are dependent on one another. His intervention with dependence will non demo promise until a lower limit of a twelvemonth without usage has been met. and regular engagement in a self-help group has been established. I do non anticipate House to develop newer relationships at this clip ; nevertheless I will estimate his success in furthering his bing 1s. His alterations should include larning how to show his feelings maturely. and larning to give of himself without the usage of irony to conceal when it feels uncomfortable. There is besides a strong correlativity between dependence and impulse-control. by placing get bying accomplishments for impulses. House could use some of these with his behaviours. In add-on. low self-esteem can be portion of the job in prosecuting in such unsafe and high hazard activities. House needs to turn to both his physical status that causes him embarrassment. and his forsaking issues with his household. I feel as clip goes on. and he gives recovery and relationships with others a opportunity. he will get down to see himself as a individual deserving caring for. Once he begins to experience that he is valuable and deserving of love from others. he should be able to accept this within himself. It is my hope through those alterations his neglect for his safety will disperse.

Medicaids eligibility rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicaids eligibility rules - Essay Example Tracing back to the adopted laws, the Medicaid program first provided medical coverage for low-income families and other categorically related individuals who meet eligibility requirements (Andersen et al., 2013). Candidates enrolling to the program included the blind, aged, disabled and pregnant women. In fact, Medicaid serves as the nation’s primary source of health insurance coverage for low-income populations. By the way, each state have always been administering its own Medicaid program, establishing their own eligibility standards, determining the scope and types of services they cover, and setting the rate of payment. Moreover, benefits vary from state to state (Andersen et al., 2013). Since 2013 due to the expansion of Affordable Care Act, the enrollment to the program has been eligible only for those with low income rate. Thus, states participating in the expanded Medicaid program are required to allow people with income up to 133% of the poverty line to qualify for coverage, including adults without dependent children (Andersen et al., 2013). That is to say the eligibility for the program depends purely on income level. It is quite doubtful whether managing a program this way and whether the amendments introduced to the law are efficient. In essence, there is a dramatic difference in needs that has a single adult who is paid insufficient, pregnant woman or an elderly or disabled person. For example, after retirement elderly people spend either the rest of life or some time in nursing homes, the cost of which is very expensive. Many people pay for these nursing homes with their own money, often depleting their life savings, and spend thousands on it. In this cas e Medicaid should help cut these costs at least. Another case is when an immigrant, who does not have a well-paid job and cannot afford traditional medical insurance, may qualify for Medicaid, due to financial needs. Of course, everybody applying for this

I have a very important lab for statics class Report

I have a very important for statics class - Lab Report Example A fracture may be experienced if a strain continues beyond the proportionate limit. At zero the graph is starting to form linearity, however it reaches at 100 when it starts to decrease which can be associated with the proportionate limit. b) The graph of stress against strain reduced in a range just larger than the original portion. 2. a) Straine) is the fractional length change of a stretched material, while stress (?e) is the force per unit area of the stretched material. Therefore, deformation is a change in the size or shape of the object. Strain=  Stress =  and has SI units which are the same as those of pressure N/m2 or Pa . Where A is the initial cross-sectional area, Lo is the initial gauge length , and L is the change in gauge length. According to Hooke’s law, the deformation is proportional to the deforming forces as long as they are not too large. F= k L where k is constant and it depends on the length and cross sectional area of the object. So Hooke’s law written in stress will be  = And length change is ( L) is proportional to the magnitude of the deforming forces, Y depends on the inherent stiffness of the material from which the object is composed. k = Y , therefore, Y is the constant of proportionality called Young’s modulus which will be given by the slope of the stress-strain curve. Young’s modulus or elastic modulus has the same units as those of stress (Pa or N/M2) and can be thought of as the inherent stiffness of a material because it measures the resistance of the material to elongation or compression. So, materials that stretch easily and are flexible such as rubber have low Young’s modulus. While materials that are stiff such as steel have high Young’s modulus; it takes a lager stress to produce the same strain. From data young’s modulus is calculated as change in y-axis divided by change in x-axis Y (slope) = = = 2.117610 Young’s modulus (E) from the data is 2.117 610Pa b) Yield stress is the stress which is required to deform the material it is at that point when a permanent deformation takes place. It is usually at 0.2%; in this case of aluminum yield stress begins at 0.4%. At the point there is intersection between strain and yield stress and strain is called off-set stress. As strain is increased, many materials eventually deviate from this linear proportionality, the point of departure being termed the proportional limit. This nonlinearity is usually associated with stress-induced â€Å"plastic† ?ow in the specimen. Here the material is undergoing a rearrangement of its internal molecular or microscopic structure, in which atoms are being moved to new equilibrium positions. This plasticity requires a mechanism for molecular mobility, which in crystalline materials can arise from dislocation motion. Materials lacking this mobility, for instance by having internal microstructures that block dislocation motion, are usually brittle ra ther than ductile. The stress-strain curve for brittle materials are typically linear over their full range of strain, eventually terminating in fracture without appreciable plastic flow. c) Ultimate stress/ strength is the maximum stress that can be withstood without breaking. It is the stress which is called true stress it is calculated as  = ?u - ?0.2 The stress at the ultimate strain is calculated as shown below ?t= ?u (l+e) where ?t= 0.2, e=11918.55 ?t= ?u

Drug Discovery Process Of The Bio Pharmaceutical Industry Biology Essay

Drug Discovery Process Of The Bio Pharmaceutical Industry Biology Essay The development of new pharmaceutical products is a long, expensive and uncertain process. It takes an average of 10 to 15 years for a new drug to move from the discovery phase into the marketplace, and the average cost for the development of a new drug is approximately $800 million. Out of 6000 compounds initially screened, only 6 are selected to move onto clinical trials, and out of those 6, only 1 compound is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the product is introduced into the market. The low success rates associated with new drug development is what makes the demand for resources at different stages of the development pipeline highly variable and very difficult to predict. Even after a drug is launched into the market, success is not guaranteed as toxic side effects may erupt when the drug is introduced to a larger sample of diverse population. This unpredictable process together with the companys annual fixed cost of Research and Development creates a major financial risk. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical firms decide to undertake this risky process because of the opportunity to develop a blockbuster drug, a drug that generates $1 billion or more each year in sales revenue for the company, and has the capacity to meet unmet medical needs of the population. Pre-Discovery To Understand the Disease Before any potential new medicine can be discovered, scientists work to understand the causes as well as other underlying factors in relation to the disease to be treated as well as possible. Target Identification (Choose a molecule to target with a drug) Once they have enough understanding of the underlying cause of a disease, pharmaceutical researchers select a target for a potential new medicine. A target is generally a single molecule, such as a gene or protein, which is involved in a particular disease. Even at this early stage in drug discovery it is critical that researchers pick a target that is drugable, i.e., one that can potentially interact with and be affected by a drug molecule. Target Validation (Test the target and confirm its role in the disease) After choosing a potential target, scientists must show that it actually is involved in the disease and can be acted upon by a drug. Target validation is crucial to help scientists avoid research paths that look promising, but ultimately lead to dead ends. Researchers demonstrate that a particular target is relevant to the disease being studied through complicated experiments in both living cells and in animal models of disease. Various stages in Drug Development Process The drug development process is highly regulated and follows a number of well-defined steps and milestones. Discovery and screening stage Emerging tools in molecular biology, cell biology and combinatorial chemistry help researchers understand diseases and identify specific targets for new drugs. Once a specific target is identified, drug development starts with the screening of a large number of compounds to find the non-toxic compounds with the desired biological effects. Typically, thousands of chemical compounds are tested in test tubes or individual cells (tissue cultures). Drug companies maintain large libraries of newly synthesized or isolated compounds. Compound from these libraries are tested for biological activity. Preclinical testing Preclinical testing involves a series of short term and long term animal and laboratory tests to generate data on if a compound is safe and worthwhile to test on people. The aim of preclinical testing is to understand what happens when the drug is metabolized, as well as to generate information about the optimal dose for the clinical trials. Animal studies provide data on the absorption, distribution and excretion of the compound. The chemical properties of the discovered compounds are studied in significant detail at this step. Steps for synthesis and purification are developed at this time. These help identify any acute toxicity issues that may arise. It usually takes 3-4 years to gather data in support of Investigational New Drug Application (IND). This application notifies the Food and Drug Authority (FDA) of the drug sponsors intent to conduct clinical research on human. In parallel with the animal studies, the company has to conduct studies to determine how to manufacture repro ducible batches over time. Clinical trials The ultimate goal of clinical trials is to determine whether the drug works well enough in patients. The trials should address: whether the risk of toxic side effects outweighs the therapeutic benefit; which dose regimen provides the best response and the least number of side effects; if the drug is better than existing treatments or not. Clinical trials are divided in three phases Phase I (PI): In Phase I trials, the candidate drug is tested in people for the first time. These studies are usually conducted with about 20 to 100 healthy volunteers. The main goal of a Phase I trial is to discover if the drug is safe for humans. Researchers look at the pharmacokinetics of a drug: How is it absorbed? How is it metabolized and excreted from the body? They also study the pharmacologics of a drug: effects of the drug on the functioning of the human body. These closely monitored trials are designed to help researchers determine what the safe dosage range is and if it should move on to further development. Phase II (PII): The goal of this phase is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication and how the drug behaves in people. These studies typically include 100-500 patients with a target disease or indication, divided into several subgroups. The subgroups are administered the drug in different dosages, by different routes, and on different schedules. Efforts are made to determine the common short term side effects and other risks associated with the drug when used on human beings. Phase III (PIII): The studies in this phase are conducted over a long term and on a large sample of 1000-1500 patient volunteers. The basic aim of this phase is to generate statistically significant data, about to evaluate the risks and benefits associated with the drug. The effectiveness and safety of the drug is carefully examined and dosing regiments duly noted which will lead to the FDA and the international regulatory agencies to approve the new drug. The results from these studies are used to develop the DRUG LABEL. The Drug Discovery process has many issues like Long Lead Times and Uncertainty that are plaguing the whole process and causing disturbances/tremors along the lines of New Product Development. Literature review A stochastic programming approach for clinical trial planning in new drug development Matthew Colvin, Christos T. Maravelias Due to changing circumstances in the managed-health-care environment, the profit margins of pharmaceutical companies and the productivity of their Research and Development (RD) pipelines have started to decline; effective patent lives have been shortened, and patents provide lower barriers to entry even while active. Therefore, it is imperative for pharmaceutical companies to manage their RD pipelines more effectively to reduce the cost of developing new drugs. This is a challenging task due to the highly stochastic nature of the RD process: if a drug fails a clinical trial, its development stops and all prior investment is lost; if it passes all trials, it enters the marketplace and profits are typically significantly larger than development costs. To effectively plan the clinical trials in the pharmaceutical RD pipeline, therefore, new systematic stochastic optimization methods are necessary.The paper presents a multi-stage stochastic programming formulation for the scheduling of c linical trials in the pharmaceutical research and development (RD) pipeline. The stages correspond to time periods, i.e. the planning horizon is divided into multiple periods. Scenarios are used to account for the endogenous uncertainty (a drug either passes or fails a clinical trial) in clinical trial outcomes. Given a portfolio of potential drugs and limited resources, the model determines which clinical trials (PI, PII, PIII) to be performed in each planning period and scenario in order to maximize the expected net present value of the RD pipeline. The proposed formulation can be used to address problems of medium size and serves as a basis for the development of advanced models for the management of the pharmaceutical RD pipeline. Knowledge networking to support medical new product development Kannan Mohan, Radhika Jain, Balasubramaniam Ramesh Pharmaceutical firms depend heavily upon their ability to rapidly develop and introduce new products into the market. Product development speed directly impacts their financial bottom-line as well as their ability to satisfy unmet medical needs of patients. However, development of new medical products is complex and time-consuming. It takes anywhere between 7 and 17 years and several millions to billions of dollars to launch new medical products. Some of the factors contributing to the length, cost, and uncertainty of this process are the stringent regulatory requirements of governmental entities like the FDA requiring the maintenance of design history for every medical product to show that the products were developed as per the approved plan and with extensive clinical trials, medical products are used to treat human beings whose well-being and safety are of utmost importance. Thus, failure of the product can have serious consequences, increasing possibilities for therapeutic interv ention brought about by newer technologies and enormous investments required in research and development, and testing. This paper addresses the issue of developing an approach to seamlessly integrate fragmented knowledge using knowledge networks. Semantic knowledge networks provide the ability to describe and follow the life of a physical or conceptual artefact. These have been used as effective solutions to support knowledge integration in knowledge intensive processes in multiple domains. Motivated by their effectiveness in supporting knowledge intensive processes, the paper proposes the creation and use of knowledge networks to facilitate integration of knowledge fragments that are generated and used in medical NPD. The development of a knowledge network should be guided by the unique characteristics of the medical NPD domain. The paper also provides the background on the process of medical NPD, along with unique issues in this area. New product development process and time-to-market in the generic pharmaceutical industry Janez Prasnikar, Tina Skerlj This article presents some important factors impacting on the lead-time of new products. In particular, we find a negative relationship between the incorporation of organizational tools and techniques, such as concurrent activity management and time-to-market. Further, there is an appropriate negative relationship between the integration of new product development departments in particular phases of the new product development process and the cycle-time of those phases. Appropriate capacity management and project management also contribute to a shorter lead-time of a new product. However, there are also some particularities of generic pharmaceutical companies. The retargeted products (where an existing product is launched in a new market) have longer time-to-market than completely new products. The generic pharmaceutical industry depends very much on local market conditions and it is often easier to launch new products in already existing markets than to launch existing products in n ew markets. Further, if the active pharmaceutical ingredient is sourced externally the time-to-market is shorter. The same is true of the external sourcing of the pharmaceutical formulation. Since generic companies often build their competencies in the market rather than on the technology used, strategic alliances and early supplier involvement in the new product development are important factors of their market success. Research objectives The Biopharmaceutical industry has many a process to be deeply understood and uniquely mapped, however, I would be looking at the following for the purpose of my project To understand the Drug Discovery Process and map it with New Product Development Understand how a pharmaceutical product is produced; identify all the stages from the Pre discovery phase to the Discovery phase and from the Pre clinical phase to the Clinical Phase and map it with New Product Development Identify the sources for reducing Uncertainty in the Drug Discovery Process One of the features that restrict the smooth functioning of the Drug Discovery process is uncertainty about the drug in trail. If the drug that is being tested fails the clinical trials phase, all the investment and effort towards drug development is lost, but if it passes all the trials, it enters the marketplace and benefits the company by providing profits that are typically significantly larger than the development costs. Identify the sources for reducing Lead Time in the Drug Discovery Process Drug development in the pharmaceutical sector is a lengthy process ranging anywhere from 7 to 17 years and costs the companies billions of dollars. Thus identification of sources for reduction in lead time and appropriate application of those steps would directly influence the costs and help in launching the product quicker than usual into the market. Research methodology Interaction with Biopharmaceutical Teams working on the Drug Discovery Process at the Biological Sciences and Biological Engineers (B.S.B.E) department at Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Secondary Research from Scientific Journals Case study approach in Business Press and Scientific Journals Chapters Introduction to the Drug Discovery Process Detailed explanation of the Drug Discovery Process Convergence with the New Product Development Literature Review Analysis of the related topic as described in Business Press and other Scientific journals. Research Objectives Research Methodology: An outline of the different approaches available for research Explanation of the different approaches and their outcomes with respect to the project Results and Discussions of the case Management Insights Relation of the Drug Discovery Process with Management concepts Conclusions and Future Research

Elizabeth I :: essays research papers fc

Elizabeth I King Henry VIII changed history in order to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping she could give him a son to be his heir. He already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, a princess of Spain, whom he divorced. The Pope would not allow the divorce, so Henry declared himself the Head of the Church of England, and disallowed any power the Pope might hold on English religion. On September 7, 1533 in Greenwich Palace, Anne had a daughter, who was named Elizabeth. A few years later, Henry accused Anne of incest, which historians agree was probably untrue - but Anne was beheaded in May 1536, and Elizabeth, not even three years old, was sent to live with relatives so she wouldn't remind Henry of Anne. Henry had remarried Jane Seymour, who gave birth to Henry's son, Edward, later to be Edward VI, but died soon afterwards. Catherine Parr, Henry's sixth and final wife, brought Elizabeth and Mary back to court. As the Dowager Queen, she moved away from court and left the ruling of the country to Edward VI, who was still a young boy. Edward Seymour (young Edward's uncle) became Lord Protector of England. Elizabeth went with Catherine, but left after an incident with Catherine's new husband, Thomas Seymour, and rumors of the time suggested that Catherine caught them kissing, or perhaps even in bed together. Catherine died soon after Elizabeth's departure. Young King Edward was always sickly, and came down with consumption, or tuberculosis. It seemed that he would die too young to have a child to be his heir, and it became a dangerous time for Princess Elizabeth. She was Henry's daughter, she was in Henry's will as an heir, she was in line for the throne and so was a target of many marriage proposals. Thomas Seymour asked Elizabeth to marry him, but she refused. However, both were suspected of plotting against Edward. Elizabeth was not questioned, but Seymour was arrested and eventually executed for treason after an attempt to kidnap the young king. Elizabeth, upon hearing of the Lord Admiral's death, was marked as saying "Today died a man of much wit, and very little judgment." Edward's declining health began a movement of Protestants who did not want Mary, a Catholic, to gain the throne. Lady Jane Grey, a descendant of Henry's sister Mary, was also considered a possible heir. When Edward died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen by her father and father-in-law, but more people supported Mary.

Counseling Religious Clients

Different populations require different approaches in counseling. Counseling is a mean of attending to a person’s situation or condition using techniques, systems and approaches that differ among the groups of individuals. For instance, a raped teenager should be counsel in a different way as a homeless teenager. Conversely, African-American clients should be treated in a unique way as the Asian clients (cited in Miller, Leukefeld & Jefferson, 1994; Cook 1993). Nevertheless, just like the other populations, religious clients have unique characteristics and experiences that need a unique counseling approach.Likewise, religious clients have also unique needs for their mental health care. However, unlike the common people being counseled, religious people have sets of belief systems and values that, for a number of conditions, may interfere to the counseling program being implemented to them (Carpenter, 2003). In order to practice professionalism and ethics, counselors behave leg ally, morally and ethically. They are aware that they can only win the client’s trust and secure client’s protection by practicing high level of professional conduct (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 18).Principle D, Respect for People’s Right and Dignity, as stated in the Ethical principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct highlights: Psychologists are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone unfair discriminatory practices (1992).Counselors take into consideration the client’s personal and cultural background before deciding on the assessment instrument that he will be using in the counseling process (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 11). One of the characteristic-factors that should be checked is religion. There are no religion restrictions in the counseling activity. Nonetheless, from among the mentioned factors or clients’ considerable backgrounds, religion—the foundation of people’s moral and faith—is the most controversial.The Code of Ethics of 2005 by the Governing Council of the American Counseling Association gives light to the five overlapping ethical principles that guide the counseling practices with religious clients. The principles that can be applied focus on the counseling relationship, freedom of choice, confidentiality and privacy in counseling process, professional responsibility, and evaluation, assessment and interpretation. Counseling Relationship In counseling, clients may have diverse cultural backgrounds.In order for the counselor to practice good counseling, he must need first to understand the cultural identity that each of his clients possesses. Section A. 2. c of the Code of ethics states that à ¢â‚¬Å"counselors communicate information in ways that are both developmentally and culturally appropriate. † Counselors must deal with clients in the most culturally appropriate way. The counselor’s approach to a religious client depends highly on the knowledge he or she has about the culture and religion of the client.People restrict their thinking on the concepts of races and ethnic groups when dealing with culture—yet this broad concept also includes the religious groups. As cited by Gardner, in the 1992 edition of Counselor Education and Supervision authored by Pate and Bondi, â€Å"the term culture includes religious beliefs and practices and that religion is understood to be intimately tied to ethnic identity† (1996). From this, in understanding the values of the religious clients, the counselor takes into consideration an approach that is culturally motivated.Freedom of Choice In the macro-perspective of culture, one reason for the disagreement, dif ference or dissonance between the counselor and the religious client, is the values and belief systems of the client which for the counselor, are inappropriate. There are set of beliefs that the religious clients have, that may intervene in the counseling process. â€Å"Clients have the freedom to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship and need adequate information about the counseling process and the counselor† (Section A.2. a, 2005). Part of this principle is the right of the client to know the counselor’s values and beliefs, especially if these values may result to the restriction of the counselor’s range and ability to conduct the counseling process due to the conflicting views and beliefs between the religious client and the counselor. If this is so, clients should be given freedom to look and choose another counselor that has similar or directly related values with that of his (client). Confidentiality and Privacy in Counseling ProcessGetting the clients’ trust is one of the goals of the counselors. To achieve this, establishing and upholding boundaries, and maintaining confidentiality are given high considerations. Section B. 1. a states that â€Å"counselors maintain awareness and sensitivity regarding cultural meanings of confidentiality and privacy; counselors respect differing views toward disclosure of information† (2005). It is very crucial for the counselors to give respect and show sensitivity to the culture of the religious persons they counsel.Inquiry is important before the counselor acts on whether or not to disclose the information derived from counseling the religious client. Professional Responsibility â€Å"Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience† (Section C. 2. a, 2005). Understanding religious cli ent means having an adequate learning and understanding of their cultural beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral patterns.If the counselor can achieve this, then, it will be easier for him to understand the condition of his client. Moreover, for the success of the counseling process, the counselors should gain appropriate knowledge, awareness, sense of sensitivity, and skills relevant to the activity of working with the population of diverse backgrounds. Without good milieu and specialized training, the counselors who treat religious clients may neglect their condition and situation.With better understanding of the set of beliefs of the client, the counselor will be sensitive and intelligent enough to know what approach is to give the religious client. Evaluation, Assessment and Interpretation As summarized in Section E. 3. a of the Code, for the achievement of the goals, the counselors consider the client’s background in terms of his personal and/or cultural identity, his abilit y to understand the results based on his beliefs, and his possible reaction or the impact of the results to him.Moreover, â€Å"counselors recognize the effects of age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, spirituality, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status on test administration and interpretation, and place test results in proper perspective with other relevant factors† (Section E. 8, 2005). This is a process—first; the counselor needs to consider what counseling program is applicable to the client given sets of standards. Second, the counselor weighs all contributing factors to the possible outcome before considering results.Third, the results will be interpreted depending on the accuracy of the outcomes. Furthermore, Section A. 5. a says that â€Å"counselors avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients. † This concept, when applied to religious clients, means that the counselor must be aware of hi s or her personal opinion about the religious issues that may lead to certain reactions and overreactions—causing emotional harm to the client. Working with Religious Clients On his article, Gardner enumerated some ethical guidelines on how to work with religious clients.First, therapy in the context of evangelistic activities that promotes particular political and spiritual ideology and worldview must be avoided. Second, in the attempt to change some of the beliefs of the client that have direct effect on his or her disorder, the counselor must try to narrow down the approach and inform the client on the program he wants to implement. Third, a help from other professionals is better if dealing with the religious issue of the client is quite difficult to comprehend and accept.Fourth, counselors must try to include and integrate the religious beliefs of the client with the treatment she or he is undertaking. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethic s. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. counseling. org Carpenter, D. (2002). Ethical Considerations in Working with Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from Gestatalt-Global Corporation website: http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html Gardner, J. N. (1996). Ethical Issues in Counseling Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html