Business Research Methods Essay

Authoritative Dilemma Starbucks developed as it pulled in numerous individuals, prompting significantly increasing its stores around the world. It turned out to be a piece of each area, showing up on each road, in air terminals, stores, and side of the road rest stops all over America. This is when protests started to surface that Starbucks is changing into a drive-through joint and not a café. The espresso business was not, at this point commanded by Starbucks, for contenders started to squeeze the business. What's more, the greatest difficulty to hit Starbucks was the 2008 financial emergency. This negatively affected the shopper who saw Starbucks as an extravagance and looked for progressively moderate other options. Thus, Starbucks’ the board was confronted with the need to produce the correct administration question that would be the string to settling on the best choice through its examination plan. An authoritative quandary can start an examination question. When an association decides a circumstance exists, research techniques begin to devise and in the end test structures are actualized. When individuals consider Starbucks, do they consider incredible client assistance, quality items, clean store, or extraordinary espresso? The authoritative quandary is: by what method ought to Starbucks approach keeping faithful clients while beating the old observations and changing with the occasions. As per Howard Schultz, â€Å"We are not in the espresso business serving individuals; we are in the individuals business serving coffee† (Starbucks Board of Directors, 2008). Examination Design Marius Pretorius (2008) research surmises Starbuck’s hierarchical quandary, regardless of whether key or operational isn't lessened when utilizing Michael Porter’s (1985) conventional techniques for upper hand. Declining deals require a turnaround arrangement that address vital causes and cost relationship pressures that oversee request determinants. Which are â€Å"highly defenseless to outer impacts that are not obviously noticeable to the choice makers† (Pretorius, 2008, pg. 21). Planning a two-phase exploratory investigation to distinguish the premise of trouble and the key determinants is basic to a turnaround key arrangement. An exploratory investigation gives adequate adaptability to address research costs, courses of events, and improvement of clear develops to address needs and operational definitions (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). The principal phase of the examination will hope to find out the causation of the hierarchical problem and hypothesize the awry connections in declining deals by analyzing both inner and outer free and ward factors. This exploration will order discoveries into four relationship types as improvement reaction, property-manner, demeanor conduct, or property-conduct. This will refine the second phase of research and investigate affecting elements top to bottom. Qualities and Operational Definitions The examination configuration will create easygoing surmisings whereupon a reciprocal technique will result. â€Å"Although they might be neither changeless nor all inclusive, these deductions permit us to fabricate information on assumed causes over time† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011, pg. 154). Along these lines, it is essential to distinguish directing or intuitive variable conditions. To guarantee information legitimacy operational definitions will provoke information to satisfy explicit guidelines. These definitions may not display the organization’s use however will build up a way to group plainly an occasion. The fundamental concern is to build up significant data in which contributory or unexpected impacts on the first free to subordinate variable (IVâ€DV) relationship will give exact ends. References Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2011). Business research strategies (eleventh ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Doorman, M.E., (1985). Upper hand: Creating and continuing prevalent execution. New York, NY: The Free Press Pretorius, M., (2008). When Porter’s nonexclusive techniques are insufficient: Complementary procedures for turnaround circumstances. Diary of Business Strategy 29(6): 19â€28. Starbucks Board of Directors. (2008). Recovered 2 2013, February, from Starbucks.com: www.starbucks.com/aboutus/environment.asp Starbucks, (2011) Our Company: Mission Statement. Recovered from http://www.starbucks.com

The Chocolate of Tomorrow Essay Example for Free

The Chocolate of Tomorrow Essay R evenues from the chocolate business keep on demonstrating fulfilling, with 2011 figures from IBISWorld foreseeing annualized development of around 2% throughout the following five years, after hosed desires during the dim long periods of 2007-09. Be that as it may, behind the empowering features, numerous organizations are doing combating to keep steady over a quickly moving commercial center. Taste is veering, as quickly developing economies and enabled shoppers request more from their items. For industry stalwarts, the necessity to offer nearby, exceptionally customized and progressively different items speaks to a genuine danger to piece of the pie. Detecting the business sectors that are probably going to develop rapidly will have the effect between the champs and failures of tomorrow’s chocolate scene. As indicated by authentic government figures, current problem areas incorporate India (yearly development rate 15%), China (9%), Russia (6%) and Mexico (3. 8%). They all show various key factors that assist them with standing apart from the pack, including an energetic populace, quick capital inflows and retail combination. In this report, we’ll take a voyage through the variables forming the chocolate market of tomorrow †from topography and socioeconomics, to buyer needs and inclinations, and other market drivers. Also, we’ll endeavor to offer a brief look into the future by characterizing what may be the chocolate bar of 2030. John A Morris European Head of Consumer Markets KPMG LLP  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss substance. Part firms of the KPMG system of free firms are associated with KPMG International. KPMG International gives no customer administrations. All rights held. The chocolate of tomorrow State of the market Contents 4 The worldwide picture. What they’re eating and why: a world voyage through purchaser taste in the chocolate showcase The three sorts of shopper forming the manner in which individuals purchase chocolate over the world Four factors that are progressively de? ning the chocolate showcase A brief look at the future †and what it may mean for the business 6 Shoppers’ inclinations 8 Trends to consider Where next for chocolate? The business has endured a worldwide downturn is as yet looking for development. Yet, with certain business sectors soaked, where does its future untruth? The worldwide chocolate industry is numerous things, however as a bellwether for the more extensive economy its utilization is constrained. Incomes have stayed strong in spite of a latent worldwide picture, falling expendable livelihoods, unstable ware costs and expanding rivalry. Chocolate is frequently depicted as downturn evidence. A few financial experts consider it the ‘lipstick effect’: when confronting a monetary emergency, shoppers are additionally ready to purchase less exorbitant extravagance products, for example, beautifying agents and chocolate, even as they cut back on different extravagances. Incomes in the course of recent years would appear to back this theory, in spite of the fact that year-on-year development remains moderately drowsy and the phantom of unstable information costs keeps on throwing a shadow over future projections. Despite the fact that the worldwide market is as yet commanded by Western Europe and North America, developing markets obviously speak to what's to come. The BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China) represented 55% of worldwide candy parlor retail development in 2011. Other rising economies with energetic populaces and an avaricious white collar class are probably going to build up a preference for chocolate and, as their dispensable earnings develop, they will speak to significant objective markets. With the conventional markets of Western Europe and North America apparently soaked, makers are being compelled to pull significantly increasingly imaginative deceives out of the pack to draw in shoppers, from mysterious ? avor blends to bolder wellbeing claims, partition control and customized bars. Like a huge sharing tablet, the market is separating. Taste is separating as the BRICs and engaged Western purchasers request more from their items. Where will the market take us next? 10 The bar of 2030 12 Contacts Global chocolate retail showcase esteem 120 100 US$ billion 80 Source: Euromonitor 60 40 20 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 3  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss element. Part firms of the KPMG system of autonomous firms are associated with KPMG International. KPMG International gives no customer administrations. All rights saved. The chocolate of tomorrow The worldwide picture Western Europe is as yet the biggest chocolate advertise on the planet, however moderate development proposes immersion. Wellbeing is turning into a significant driver in new item dispatches: in 2011, 10% of items were showcased as veggie lover, 7% as liberated from added substances and 7% as natural. The US eats more chocolate by volume than any nation, says the International Cocoa Organization. Purchasers are requesting esteem †and wild ?avors, for example, bacon and wasabi. Wellbeing matters however isn't yet a significant driver. The enormous Hispanic market is critical. The British government is pressurizing producers to handle heftiness, albeit just 12% of purchasers consider fat to be in chocolate as a significant factor. Part control is basic, with littler bars and bigger ‘sharing packs’ acquainted with check gorging. In Mexico, 52% of the populace are under 20: a tremendous market for treats and chocolate. Around 80-90% of chocolate items are focused on kids. This offers open door for tie-ins with notable children’s brands, however rising corpulence levels may provoke guideline. The universe of chocolate Geography is as yet key to comprehension the speci? cs of shopper taste. What are clients over the world requesting? 4 Easter is large business in Brazil, with 100 million Easter eggs eaten each year †and this is probably going to increment. Be that as it may, youth corpulence presents a check on development. With over 35% of youngsters overweight, kid centered item dispatches have been driven somewhere near 62%.  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss substance. Part firms of the KPMG system of free firms are subsidiary with KPMG International. KPMG International gives no customer administrations. All rights held. Russia is one of the most encouraging rising economies for chocolatiers. The market is worth more than US$8bn and is relied upon to become 45% by 2016. As shoppers climb the worth chain, craftsman producers start to have a special interest. Far reaching lactose narrow mindedness has made for a moderate beginning in China, however chocolate deals have risen 40% since 2009. Lindt asserts in its yearly report that the market is developing 30% every year. Premium items are famous, with over portion of all deals purchased as blessings. At US$11. 4bn, Japan is the biggest Asian market. Local craftsman organizations are ? ourishing yet outsiders can ? nd it difficult to increase a toehold. Nestle’s Kit-Kat brand is the exemption, speaking to shoppers with 200 uncommon ?avors and exceptional versions. India has consistently had a sweet tooth, and chocolate is quick turning into its preferred treat, in front of sugar treats, with a yearly market development pace of 15%. Cadbury’s now claims 70% of the market, presenting creative items that can get by in the outrageous warmth. The Middle East/North Africa advertise is required to reach US$5. 8bn by 2016, up 61% on today. Pretty much all aspects of Africa is developing: South Africa is the greatest market, however sugar candy store is as yet 22% more well known there than chocolate, says Leatherhead Food Research. Source: Euromonitor Global piece of the overall industry by locale, 2011 Western Europe 32% North America 20% Asia 17% Latin America 13% Eastern Europe 12% Middle East and Africa 4% Australasia 2% 5  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss element. Part firms of the KPMG system of free firms are associated with KPMG International. KPMG International gives no customer administrations. All rights saved. The chocolate of tomorrow Shoppers’ inclinations. What purchasers need The brain research behind chocolate recommends shoppers consider it to be a ‘naughty yet nice’ motivation treat. However, a more critical look uncovers three unmistakable kinds of purchaser, each with various practices and requests THE CONVENIENCE BUYER Chocolate might be viewed as a motivation buy, yet it’s getting progressively regularly among customers. Accommodation is a significant driver for chocolate darlings, who need to snatch a bar from a nearby store or toss a multi-pack into the streetcar during a week after week shop. As comfort turns out to be increasingly critical to time-poor customers, deals of tablet bars are growing (up 37% in the UK a year ago) as shoppers get and go. Premium chocolate-creators, for example, Godiva are reevaluating their techniques to get a chomp of this worthwhile market, presenting littler bar positions. A longing for accommodation is likewise expanding the prevalence of sharing packs, especially in Western markets, as shoppers purchase to share or ? nish eating later. Makers have responded with bundling advancements, for example, the ‘memory wrapper’ from Mars that permits bars to be bent, shut and spared. Mars says the development â€Å"empowers the consumer†. It additionally drives brand faithfulness. THE VALUE BUYER In numerous business sectors, esteem is an intriguing issue. In the US, 79% of buyers search for good worth while picking chocolate, albeit 70% additionally need a name brand, as indicated by Mintel Oxygen †which means even worth customers are setting expectations of makers. Worth is especially significant in economies where the white collar class is as yet being de? ned †and may exist far underneath Western levels. As indicated by investigate from ? nancial administrations supplier Rabobank, a 45g chocolate bar represented under 1% of the week by week shopping financial plan in the US and UK in 2010, however in India a similar bar made up 18% of the week after week food stipend: which implies a bite comes to the detriment of a full supper. One-size-? ts-all worldwide evaluating arrangements are dif? clique

MIT-France To The Observatory of Paris and Beyond

MIT-France To The Observatory of Paris and Beyond [By Anjali T. 09] This summer, I didnt happen to pull off what Jules Verne was envisioning, but I did spend eighty-three incredible days in Paris, France working at the Observatory of Paris. Roughly 1/3 of the way around the world from my home in the States, the Observatory was once home to the Prime Meridian and is the worlds oldest working observatory. It was here that Foucault experimented with his pendulum to show the rotation of the Earth, Le Verrier worked to discover Neptune, Cassini created a map of the moon that was the best available until photography, and the list goes on with names such as Laplace and Lavoisier. [] The Observatory of Paris. Statue of LeVerrier, credited as the founder of Neptune. Aragos telescope is seen on the roof just to the left in the background (Its white). [] Left: The Paris Prime Meridian. When it was still used, light through the small circular window would have illuminated the time and date on the meridian, traced on the floor. Right: Salle du Conseil Room for the Observatorys Directing Council, featuring portraits of past directors (Laplace seen at left) and Louis XIV, who had the Observatory built. The Observatory of Paris was a great place to work, not only because of its rich history and beautiful remaining art and instrumentation, but also because of what I was doing. I worked in the Laboratory of the Study of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics (LERMA). My job was to try to understand the nature of dark matter in elliptical galaxies. So dark matter is the stuff that dreams are made of No, but really, dark matter is what is thought to account for approximately 22% of all matter in the universe. Its dark because it cannot be seen on its own; we detect it by its gravitational effects on other objects. Without going into more detail, well just leave the issue of dark matter at the fact that we use it to account for the speeds of gas and stars in spiral galaxies. However, how dark matter fits into the scene of elliptical galaxies, galaxies that look flatter and dont have arms, has been unclear in the past few years. What I did was analyze data from computer simulations of elliptical galaxies. For the computer to create each elliptical galaxy, we had to give it two starting spiral galaxies and set them in motion to COLLIDE! This merger generated our desired elliptical galaxy. We varied parameters in the original spiral galaxies to see how the resulting elliptical galaxy changed. Using this data, we got an idea of how dark matter fits into elliptical galaxies. It was really interesting and exciting stuff, and along the way, I got to make lots and lots of plots. I spent my summer working with a really dedicated mentor and a great team of other top researchers, including an MIT alum. Not only did they help me learn about galactic interactions and how to say my favorite bit of French jargon galaxie nain (dwarf galaxy), but they also broadened my knowledge of French culture. Lunchtime conversations and after-work jogs offered me the chance to engage in everything from French political debates to discussions on the breed of cow in Haute-Savoie. Outside of the office, too, French culture and language filled my daily life. While I did visit many touristic sites, I was able to delve into the calm yet amicable French way of life. From shopping and chatting at open air markets to sitting at one of the many parks or trying the impossible in France making a cheesecake (which required learning to use sheet gelatin and finding an alternative to cream cheese), it was an educational and enriching experience. I should note that one of the first things I learned when I got to Paris is that there really is history _everywhere_. For example, Id cross a street and see a sign that said Marie Curies lab was here or Blaise Pascal lived here. Of course, if youre with a group of MIT students at the time, you might even contemplate how to make a nice triangle in front of the latter, but I digress In any event, there really was so much to see and learn throughout Paris. Last, but not least, I should mention that in my 5.93 fortnights in Europe, I was incredibly fortunate to travel to 5 other countries! It was great that almost everywhere I went, there were other MISTI people to meet up with. From admiring harpischords at an auction in Brugges to biking across a border to see both halves of CERN, there was so much to do and learn this summer that I guess the best I can do is to leave you with a few pictures. Anyhow, thanks for reading. And if you ever get the chance, do MISTI! Living and working for an extended time in another country is an experience not to be missed! [] Bastille Day Pictures: the National Assembly at night (left) and the Republican Guard which escorted the President (right). [] Alpine scenery in Grindelwald, Switzerland. [] The cliffs of Etretat in Normandy, France, subject for a few of Monets paintings. [] Houses (not ducks) all in a row along a canal in Brugges, Belgium.

Education and training for digital repository manager - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5469 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR DIGITAL REPOSITORY MANAGER Abstract: The need of an active and continuous partnership between the informational profile organizations, scientific community and general public must be ensured to the extent that it includes the user-guiding paradigm and researchers support as well. There are several important questions the future digital management is asking concerning the professional profile of those who will work in different specialized structures that are mandated to preserve cultural and scientific heritage: Which are the core competencies going to be and based on which set of skills will they be built? How will these institutions look like? How will the frame look like and especially will there be a common area of knowledge exchange for those who manage considerable sized informational bodies? Which are the policies dedicated to informational management and knowledge requirements?. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Education and training for digital repository manager" essay for you Create order This research article will try to solve these questions by the objectives below: -Study concerning the state-of-art of the universities digital repositories; -Analysis of quality management in digital repositories procedures and development.   Procedures of uploading, conservation, preservation and copyright legality implemented for digital deposits; -Analysis of staff competencies involved in digital repository management, manners of professional training for such personnel, existing Life Long Learning training offer. -TransilvaniaUniversity proposal and students reaction about this new educational offer. 1. Study concerning the state-of-art of the universities digital repositories 1.1 General aspects of the institutional repository (Institutional Repository IR) The digital institutional repository represents an open database, namely internet accessible, where the entire scientific production of the university is archived: bachelor degrees, master degrees, PhD theses of the universitys members, teaching material, scientific papers, conferences proceedings organized by the university, research projects and other materials which the university considers valuable and can be made available for the members of the university or of other universities. The digital institutional repository represents the entire value of the university and increases visibility, and national and international appreciation. It can be constituted and maintained by each faculty separately, or by the informatics department, or by a group of specialists in information technology from each faculty, or by the library. The digital institutional repositories (IR) are digital collections which stock and preserve the academic communitys intellectual production. They are the main component in the reform of academic communication by stimulating innovation in a disaggregated publishing structure and are intangible indicators of the quality of institutions by increasing visibility, prestige and public value. The digital repositories present the following characteristics: they offer a critical component in the reformation of the academic communication system a component which extends the access to research, reiterates academic control, increases competition and reduces the monopoly of journals. They bring an economic ease and are relevant for the institutions and libraries which maintain them; they have the potential of serving as intangible indicators for the quality of the university and demonstrate the scientific, social and economic relevance for each research activity. A digital institutional repository represents: Organization and management of digital materials; Web-based archive open; A service offered to the community members by the university; Material created by the institution and its members; Academic content; It includes long-term saving. The reasons for publishing in an institutional repository are: The institution research will be valid in a single Internet database accessible to anyone from anywhere; The increase of visibility and the impact of the institution research. 1.2 Research projects developed to create instruments and services for the open access to scientific information SHERPA-Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and Access.The major objective of the project was opening the access to research in England, creating a digital open access environment for the scientific research of the greatest universities in the United Kingdom. By this project, the absolutely necessary services and instruments for the creation of the open access digital environment had been made available to the academic community respecting the copyright and relationships between universities, authors and publishers (Sherpa, 2011). The management of the project was ensured by the team of the digital repositories local managers of the institutions involved in the project. The services developed by the project are: RoMEO Publishers copyright archiving policies JULIET Research founders archiving mandates and guidelines OpenDOAR worldwide Directory of Open Access Repositories SHERPA Search simple full-text search of U.K. repositories The most useful and used services offered by this project are henceforth presented. 1.3 The OpenDOAR Project The Directory of Open Access OpenDOAR is the database with open access academic repositories. Each repository was analyzed by the ones authorized by the project to check the documents enrolled there. A list of the repositories which observe the standards of academic quality was made up. Besides the simple list of repositories, OpenDOAR equally allows the access to the repositories content. Additionally, instruments and support are offered for sharing experience and good practices in order to improve the quality of the repositories infrastructure. All the continents have developed institutional repositories. In Europe institutional repositories have developed in 36 countries.   OpenDOAR offers a graph service with reference to the world situation regarding digital repositories, the selection being able to generate data concerning many identification elements: continent, country, institution, language of documents, and type of documents. Most of the institutions that have developed digital repositories are in Europe 46.5%, namely 737 institutions of a total of 1952. North America is registered by this service with 324 institutions representing 20.4% from the total. Then there is Asia with 300 institutions 18.9%, Australia with 54 institutions 3.4%, South America with 109 institutions 6.9%, Africa with 43 institutions 2.7%. Although Europe is represented by most institutions, the country with the most digital repositories is the United States with 395 repositories out of the total of 1952 digital repositories from the whole world, representing 20.2% from the total. The United Kingdom has 190 digital repositories representing 9.7%, followed by Germany with 145 digital repositories 7.4% from the total. Then, there is Japan with 133 digital repositories, representing 6.8%, Australia with 64 3.3%, the Netherlands with 49 3%, Italy with 59 3%, Canada with 53 2.7%. In the United States 269 institutions develop digital repositories representing 17% from the total of 1585 institutions. 37.6% of the digital repositories, namely 734 use Dspace. 17% use Eprints followed by: Digital Commons 4.3%, OPUS 2.8%. 82.2% of the digital repositories are cross-disciplinary, 11.3% disciplinary, 4.1% aggregator which selects data from other repositories, 2.3% governmental. The highest percent of archived documents in digital repositories is represented by scientific articles, 1277 articles representing 62% from the total number of documents (OpenDOAR, 2011). 1.4 The DOAJ Project Directory of Open Access Journal The DOAJ repertoire is a database with open access journals. This service enrolls free of charge full text qualitatively checked academic journals. The database contains 42079 journals, out of which 2864 are full text articles. There are 568183 articles included (DOAJ, 2011). 1.5 The ROAR Project Registry of Open Access Repository This service is offered to community. All the 2270 repositories can be visualized. The service contains 2270 digital repositories loaded January 1990 May 2011 (ROAR, 2011). 1.6 The DRIVER Project: Networking European Scientific Repositories. The DRIVER project Networking European Scientific Repositories represents a network of European digital repositories. The DRIVER project is considered the most important initiative for the development of a digital repository. DRIVER I accumulated a range of efforts in the development of digital repositories and it was intended to offer a European infrastructure providing services for researchers, administrators and public. Thus, a network of field experts and digital repositories was achieved. DRIVER II consolidated the previous achievements and developed the initial platform in a confederation of repositories. The GEANT network was created within the European project FP7 with the purpose of stocking knowledge, of adding value to primary researches, to data and information and creating much more effective, profitable for industry secondary research, of consolidating the link between research and education. Thus a portal of the European information for open access publications was cre ated having more than 2.5 million documents, from 33 European countries, 248 repositories in 25 languages (DRIVER, 2011). 1.7 Existing informational technologies for digital repository constitution The universities and research centers worldwide are very active in planning and implementing digital repositories. A help guide has been published for the organizations which plan to implement IR, offering a presentation and a selection of the software systems that best satisfy the needs of the respective institutions. All the presented systems satisfy three criteria: They are available free of charge by an Open Source license, that is they are available for free and can be modified, updated and redistributed. They are compatible with Open Archives Initiative-OAI and by any implementation participation to the global network of the institutional inter-operable repositories is possible. They have recently been made and are available to the public. The presented systems are Archimede, ARNO, CDSware, Dspace, Eprints, Fedora, i-Tor, MyCoRe and OPUS. We have at our disposal a lot of models of digital repositories, handbooks, open sources in order to build digital repositories. The field is being in full development. There must be established what management of quality in digital repositories means. 2. Analysis of quality management in digital repositories procedures and development.   Procedures of uploading, conservation, preservation and copyright legality implemented for digital repositories A very important instrument of assessment in the economy of a digital repository is DRAMBORA-Digital Repository Audit Method Based On Risk Assessment (DRAMBORA, 2011) which was developed under the cooperation DCC Digital Curation Centre and DPE Digital Preservation Europe, being the result of an audit period of a pilot repository carried out between 2006 and 2007. The result became concrete in a methodology of self-assessment, encouraging organizations to be fully aware of objectives, activities and resources before identifying, assessing and managing the risks within the organization. In DRAMBORA case, the digital processing is characterized as an activity of assessing the risk and the role of data curator is that of rationalizing uncertainties and dangers which prevent operations of maintaining authenticity and intelligibility and turn them into risks which can be managed. Within the process there are described six stages.   The initial stages need, if we speak about auditors, the development of an organizational profile in which there are described and documented the repository mandate, objectives, activities and resources. Subsequently, the risks are derived on their basis and assessed in terms of potential impact and probabilities. At last, auditors are encouraged to conceive answers in accordance with the risks management that were identified. The process allows an efficient allocation of resources, thus permitting the managers to identify and categorize the areas where the shortcomings are most obvious or where they have a great potential of being dis ruptive. The process itself is an iterative one. The goal of the set of DRAMBORA instruments is to ease the auditors work in: defining the area of repository functions and mandate identifying the repository activities and resources identifying the risks and vulnerability associated to mandate, activities and resources assessing and calculating the risks defining the measures of risk managing reporting in the case of self-auditing OAIS is an archive consisting in persons and systems that have accepted to take the responsibility of preserving information and of making it available to a Designed Community (ISO 14721, 2003). What presents interest is the descriptive attribution trustworthy which actually implies a level of auditing. Strictly speaking, the purpose of this document is that of presenting an instrument which covers strategic planning with everything it implies for a digital repository. The document content is mainly based on the processes through which an organization initializing a digital repository has in view in order to manage the contained objects. The described processes are concentrated around a group of Strategic Objective Plans (SOP) through which a repository specifies its objectives, goals and key indicators of performance (Kosson, 2011). NARA- National Archive and Records Administration of United States (NARA,2010) has recently hosted a meeting of the Working Group which elaborates ISO standards (International Organization for Standardization) in order to use them in certifying trustworthy digital repositories. The two proposed standards are ISO/DIS 16363- Audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories and ISO/DIS 16919- Requirements for the persons who offer auditing and certifying the candidate trustful digital repositories.ISO/DIS 16363 is mainly based on Criteria and Checklist for Audit and Certification of Trustworthy Repositories, shortly TRAC (Trustworthy Repositories Audit Certification: Criteria and Checklist). On the whole, the TRAC document was elaborated in accord with the requirements ofISO 14721- Open system of information archiving Reference model. NARA has actively involved in developing both of them. Why is such a standard, as ISO 16363, necessary? The substantiation of standard proposal based on the following grounds: Long time ago before it had become an approved standard in 2002, many sides of the cultural heritage community adopted OAIS as a model in order to better understand what is asked from the digital preservation systems. The institutions started to self-declare in accordance with OAIS just to underline the trust degree of the digital repositories. Anyway, there was no agreed understanding regarding what in accordance with OAIS meant beyond the possibility of applying terminology in order to describe the own archives despite the fact that there was a segment targeted to conformity in OAIS, which specified the requirements necessary to support the information model and the responsibilities that were compulsorily achieved. Declaring the attribute of trustworthiness is made easily but it is more difficult to try it on and to justify it objectively. Setting up some clearer criteria to detail what is and what is not a tr ustworthy repository has become essential. While ISO/DIS 16363 mentions the criteria which should be fulfilled for a trustworthy repository, ISO/DIS16919 offers the requirements necessary to the persons who will do audits and certifications of digital repositories ( Kosson, 2011). According with international standard: Space data and information transfer systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 16363, we are trying to define trustworthy digital repositories (ISO, 2011). The main purpose of this document is to define a CCSDS Recommended Practice on which to base an audit and certification process for assessing the trustworthiness of digital repositories. The scope of application of this document is the entire range of digital repositories. At the very basic level, the definition of a trustworthy digital repository must start with a mission to provide reliable, long-term access to managed digital resources to its Designated Community, now and into the future (RLG-OCLC, 2002). Table 1: Components of a trustworthy digital repository Component of a trustworthy digital repository Procedures that: A mission statement reflects a commitment to the preservation of, long term retention of, management of, and access to digital information (ISO, 2011) Preservation Strategic Plan defines the approach the repository will take in the long-term support of its mission, collection,   policy or other document that specifies the type of information it will preserve, retain, manage and provide access to (ISO, 2011) Organization of structure and staff identified and established the duties that it needs to perform and shall have appointed staff with adequate skills and experience to fulfill these duties, the appropriate number of staff to support all functions and services, in place an active professional development program that provides staff with skills and expertise development opportunities (ISO, 2011) Procedural accountability preservation policy framework identified and established the duties that it needs to perform and shall have appointed staff with adequate skills and experience to fulfill these duties, the appropriate number of staff to support all functions and services, in place an active professional development program that provides staff with skills and expertise development opportunities (ISO, 2011) Contracts, licenses, liabilities mechanisms for review, update, and ongoing development of its Preservation Policies as the repository grows and as technology and community practice evolve, a documented history of the changes to its operations, procedures, software, and hardware, commit to transparency and accountability in all actions supporting the operation and management of the repository that affect the preservation of digital content over time, define, collect, track, and appropriately provide its information integrity measurements., commit to a regular schedule of self-assessment and external certification., have short- and long-term business planning processes in place to sustain the repository over time, have financial practices and procedures which are transparent, compliant with relevant accounting standards and practices, and audited by third parties in accordance with territorial legal requirements, have an ongoing commitment to analyze and report on risk, benefit, investment, and expenditure (including assets, licenses, and liabilities) (ISO, 2011) Digital object management, acquisition of content maintain appropriate contracts or deposit agreements for digital materials that it manages, preserves, and/or to which it provides access (ISO, 2011) Infrastructure and security risk management, technical infrastructure risk management identify the Content Information and the Information Properties that the repository will preserve (ISO, 2011) There are a lot of handbooks, sources in order to build digital repositories, to ensure conservation, preservation, development, there are standards of accreditation and audit of trustworthy digital repositories. The documentation is at hand for everybody who is interested in the issue. Who will be the specialists working in these repositories and will they achieve all the presented desiderates? Will they be specialists in science of information, IT staff, technical staff? Who will be attracted to getting specialized and running a career in this field? Will they need a special training? Who will be their trainers? 3. Analysis of staff competencies involved in digital repository management, manners of professional training for such personnel, existing Life Long Learning training offer. 5.1 Situation in international context The synchronization of educational offer with the present necessities for aggregation, dissemination and preservation of digital information represents the concern of many universities (Zuccala, 2008). The programs which offer an answer to these necessities have led to the transformation of the domains that traditionally deal with informational management such as science of libraries, science of archives and science of museums. Thus, under the concept of sciences of information, there have been initiated, by higher education institutions of tradition from Europe and the United States of America, the so-called iSchools Schools of Information, which reunite, under the same curricula, elements   specific to LAM (Libraries-Archives-Museums). The most visible examples are: master degree program of Illinois University with data processing specialization: The Data Curation Education Program (DCEP); master degree program of Syracuse University The Master of Science in Information Management with Data Management Specialization program of thorough studies which is offered by WISE consortium Web-based Library science Education Leif Kajberg, Leif LÃÆ' ¸rring (2005). European curriculum reflections on Library and Library science education. Copenhagen: Royal School of Librarianship and Library science. available at https://www.library.utt.ro/LIS_Bologna.pdf SCONUL Task Force on Information Skills (1999). Information Skills in Higher Education. London: Society of College, National and University Libraries. available at https://www.sconul.ac.uk/groups/information_literacy/papers/Seven_pillars.html -Kings Royal College, London (Jacobs) (Cockburn) (Jones) ( 2011) Digital Asset Management, available at: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/prospectus/graduate/details/name/digital_asset_management/alpha/d/header_search/ Analysing the educational offer and taking into account the Romanian specific, especially the situation of Transilvania University of Brasov, there has been proposed a program of specialization in the field which is developed within the Faculty of Mechanic Engineering, Mechatronics specialization. 5.2 Description of the program proposed by TransilvaniaUniversity of Brasov Mission: The complementary master program ADVANCED SYSTEMS FOR LIBRARIES, ARCHIVES AND MUSEUMS, ASLAM, aims at developing some formative programs and research programs in order to obtain in-depth information in the trans-disciplinary subfields of Mechatronics engineering in accord with the modern tendencies of technique and ensuring a synergetic combination between mechanics of precision, electronic systems of command and control, and computer science, which serves to projecting, achieving, putting into function and exploring intelligent automated systems. The disciplines proposed in the education plan for ASLAM specialization have in view completing the fundamental knowledge the students gain during their undergraduate studies (specializations Mechatronics, Sciences of Libraries and Information, Sciences of Archives and Museums, Computer Science, Marketing and so on) ( Table 2). Table 2: Objectives and competences for master degree students Specific objectives of training Specific competences Disciplines For didacticactivities Studying thoroughly and completing the knowledge   previously gained, necessary to obtaining a higher level of training, so that the graduates will be able to act in decisional jobs as well; Building skills and abilities which should allow the graduates to apply their knowledge and to achieve professional activities in fields and subfields specific to Mechatronics engineering with applications in LAM;   Building a systematic thinking on functioning and behavior in exploiting some other types of systems assimilable to mechatronic systems with applications in LAM. Studying thoroughly the latest methodologies and technologies used in Mechatronics engineering or which have clear perspectives to be used in the near future. Capacity of applying theory in specific situations of economic and institutional environment. Using methods of experimental analysis in Mechatronics engineering. Competences regarding measurements, automated data gathering, results analysis. Competences regarding the principles that are at the basis of quality management of production, projection and research. Competences regarding conception and improvement of the machines and equipments specific to the field. Using various settings of programming in order to solve the issues of Mechatronics engineering with applications in LAM. Factors of information   support degrading Apparatus used in publications repositories Apparatus and security systems used in LAM Archives management Conservation through digitization Informatics technologies for managing documents in LAM Processing contemporary documents Informatics technologies applied in documentary structures Databases used in managing LAM Treatments of conservation Management of info-documentary structures for preserving publications Systems and technologies applied in LAM automation Calibration and maintenance of the apparatus destined to publications conservation Patrimony values from archives, libraries and museums Achieving web pages Management of the projects in LAM Systems of cultural animation used in LAM Multimedia equipments used in LAM Optic systems of documents recognition Marketing research with applications in LAM Software products of archiving and conserving information Copyright in informational society Management of digital repositories It is to be done by approaching some complementary themes that aim to domains of science with high performances in the implementation of new technologies, usage of technologies of traditional and digital conservation, usage of RFID technology in the systems of patrimony security and inventory, in the management of documents and vending machines for checking and borrowing, usage of the software products for archiving, stocking and management of documents and displayed objects. The graduates should finally be able to organize, access and disseminate databases, to organize digital repositories, to archive collections of traditional documents observing the legislation, to make marketing research surveys in order to identify the users and clients needs, to organize cultural events, to promote institution, to preserve the traditional and electronic documents. They should also be able to develop their theoretical knowledge in the field and to develop their competences regarding the usage of apparatus that are destined to measure the variables of factors that are noxious to documents conservation under good circumstances, to maintain these apparatus, to calibrate them and to measure variables, to maintain variables, conditions, treatments applied to damaged documents, to archive documents and ensure optimal conditions for the preservation of traditional and electronic documents. 5.3 Qualitative marketing research survey on the options of engineering and library sciences graduates, class 2011, regarding the educational offer The survey was carried out in March-April 2011 and addressed to the graduates class 2011 from specialization Sciences of Libraries and Information, day and distance learning courses, as well as to the graduates of Mechanics engineering, day courses, Mechatronics specialization. The research promotion was made on the email addresses of students groups, by sending them the following message: We are kindly asking you to answer the following questions of the online questionnaire in the above link. Your contribution is important in the university decision of starting to make the steps for establishing this new specialization: MASTER DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATIONIN ADVANCED SYSTEMS FOR LIBRARIES, ARCHIVES and MUSEUMS LAM, at https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/3PMSGVJ. Hypothesis of research: Any company, institution, library, museum has a digital archive (documents that are stocked and archived electronically) There must be trained specialists for forming, conserving and preserving digital archives or digital repositories. There must be trained specialists for traditional conservation of the documents in repositories using technical apparatus of measuring and maintaining constant temperature, admitted luminosity, relative humidity of the environment etc. There must be trained specialists for projecting, launching and functioning of equipments and software products specific to digitization, securing, RFID, vending machines of documents transport. MANAGER OF DIGITAL REPOSITORY should be introduced in jobs classification book and there should be observed the standards stipulations regarding the audit and quality of digital repositories. The questionnaire had 10 questions, out of which one represented the respondents characterization. The graduates who answered were 40 out of 75 from engineering, therefore 51% and 42 out of 69 from the science of libraries, therefore 61%. The research is validated from the point of the number of respondents and gender issues. Results of research: We are presenting the questions and graphics of answers for the students from engineering ENG and of those from Library Science- LIB, excepting the questions of characterization. 1. Have you ever accessed digital libraries in your personal activity or for studying necessities? Only digital libraries Traditional and digital libraries I have never accessed them Concerning the libraries accessing for study necessities, 84.2 % of students from engineering and 90.2% of students from science of information accessed these libraries which were both traditional and digital ( Fig.1, Fig.2). 2. Do you think that the profession of manager of digital platforms represents a future profession and may it be frequent on labor market in the future? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I do not know 4. It is no need to specialize in this job 78% of students from engineering and 90.2% of students from science of information think that the Manager of digital repository represents a job for the future (Fig.3, Fig.4). 3. In which of the subjects proposed for this master degree are you interested to study? 1- Great interest, 2- Medium interest, 3- I am not interested 1 2 3 Factors of degrading the information support Apparatus used in publications repositories Security apparatus and systems used in LAM Archives management Conservation through digitization Computer technologies for managing the documents in LAM Processing contemporary documents Computer technologies applied in documentary structures Databases used in managing LAM Conservation treatments Management of info-documentary structures for preserving publications Systems and technologies applied in LAM automation Standardization and maintaining the apparatus destined to conserving publications Patrimony values from archives, libraries and museums Achieving   web pages Projects management   in LAM Systems of cultural animation used in LAM Multimedia equipments used in LAM Optical systems of documents recognition Marketing research surveys with applications in LAM Software products of archiving and conserving information Copyright in informational society Management of digital repositories The students interest in the disciplines proposed for the future curricula, resulted from research, is the following: Table 3: Students opinions regarding disciplines to be studied to master degree The disciplines that represent the highest interest for the students from engineering are: Optic systems of recognizing characters 71.1% Conservation by digitization -   68.4% Software products of archiving and conserving information 65.8% Patrimony values in LAM 51.4% Achieving web pages 51.4% Management of digital repositories 50%. The disciplines that represent the highest interest for the students from library science are: Archiving software products 75% Management of digital repositories 73.7% Conservation by digitization- 69% Achieving web pages- 66% Projects management in LAM 65.7% 4.What other subjects would be of interest to you? The students from engineering proposed the following disciplines as well: Techniques of security against electronic theft. Architectural and managerial design of modern libraries Appreciation and promotion of publications A course about the ways of archiving, stocking and maintaining records, photos, processed or non-processed films (other sources of information than books). The students from library science   proposed the following disciplines as well: Informatics technologies applied in documentary structures, Achieving web pages, Software products of archiving and conserving information Factors of information support degradation Methods of press monitoring, Legislation on culture Marketing, Writing appearance (discoveries) Restitution of patrimony values   A course on the old book Modern methods of readers drawing towards library; Digital repositories- easy access Practicing on the elaboration of projects for financing libraries and museums. School psychology Research methods and methodologies in sciences of communication Open access to information through digital repositories Disciplines connected to archives. 4. The teaching staff who will teach these subjects will belong to the following fields: Letters LT, Sociology SO, Engineering ENG, Law L, Computer Science CS. Allocate 100 points to these fields in accord with   the weight of the disciplines that you think are more useful in this specialization Regarding the weight of disciplines field from the proposed curricula, the students from engineering want that the disciplines in the computer science field should have a weight of 28.06%, the ones in the engineering field 21.86%, the ones in the field of letters 21.37%, those in the field of sociology 14.57% and those in the field of law 12.1%. The students from sciences of information answered completely inexactly as they did not succeed in distributing 100 points in four fields (Fig.6, Fig.7). 5. Do you think that TransilvaniaUniversity has expertise and facilities in the field and do you trust that it will be a specialization with a high level of teaching and learning? 1- No, 2- Poor, 3- Medium, 4- Good, 5- High Concerning university expertise, 58% of the students from engineering and 63.4% of the students from sciences of information think that there will be held courses of quality and at the wanted level of technology (Fig.8, Fig.9). 6. If these courses can be carried out online and seminars can be web-seminars through direct online interaction with the teaching staff, then would the specialization become more attractive? Yes No I do not know 65.7% of the students from engineering and 62.5% of the students from sciences of information think that this specialization could become more attractive if there were held web seminars and online courses (Fig.10, Fig.11). 7. Would you like to attend this specialization? Yes No I do not know Only 8.3% of the students from engineering will attend this specialization, while 75% of the ones from sciences of information are interested in becoming master degree students (Fig.12, Fig.13). 8. If you did not choose this specialization, what would be the reasons?   I want to attend another specialization I do not have financial resources I do not like the oferred structure Other Out of the ones who do not want to attend this specialization 70% of the students from engineering wish another specialization and 55% of the ones from sciences of information do not have financial resources (Fig.14, Fig.15). Conclusions The majority of students accesses traditional and digital libraries for their study necessities and think that the profession of manager of digital repositories represents a job of the future. Both ENG and LIB students are interested in the following courses: Conservation by digitization and Achieving web pages. The students from ENG are interested in Techniques of security against electronic theft, while the LIB students are interested in Methods of press monitoring, Legislation on culture. Most of them prefer the master degree should carry out through web seminars and online courses. The LIB students want to attend this specialization while very few ENG students are interested in this specialization because they want to attend another specialization. All the students agree at and like the offered structure. From my didactic experience, teaching at both Library Science specialization and Engineering, Mechatronics specialization, I can state that the graduates of Library Science are not prepared for such a responsibility and do not possess IT competences in order to master the problems. The Engineering graduates are capable to develop these repositories, to further train and to build trustworthy repositories but they do not have abilities regarding information organization, indexation elements, thesaurus, bibliographic description, and they are not attracted by this domain. What is to be done? Involving all the decisional factors to make educational decisions for training the basic specialty staff in informational society; Offering post-university courses, i-courses, to which all the graduates can have access whatever the profile they attended but who are involved in developing digital repositories; Offering training courses for the persons who have already been working in the field; Involving professional associations in promoting and carrying out these courses; Making all responsible factors aware of the future of this profession.

Translating English -ing Words to Spanish

If youre translating an English -ing word into Spanish, youll find it helpful to first figure out which part of speech it is. You may think of -ing words as verbs. But they can also  be a noun, adjectives, or adverbs. If you can tell which part of speech an -ing word is, youre well on your way to translating it to Spanish. With that principle in mind, here are some of the most common ways of translating -ing words: -Ing Words as Verbs If an -ing word is functioning as a verb, it is probably being used in a progressive tense. Sentences such as I am studying and She was working are examples of using a progressive tense. In Spanish, progressive tenses are formed in much the same way as in English, by using a form of estar (to be) followed a gerund (the verb form ending in -ando or -endo). Keep in mind, however, that the progressive tenses are used more in English than in Spanish, so it may be more appropriate to use a simple tense instead. See how the following English sentences can be translated using either progressive or simple tenses: She is studying today. Està ¡ estudiando hoy. Estudia hoy.I wasnt driving a car downtown yesterday. Yo no estaba manejando un carro en el centro ayer. Yo no manejaba un carro en el centro ayer.We will be dining in your honor. Estaremos comiendo en su honor. Vamos a comer en su honor. Comeremos en su honor. -Ing Words as Nouns It is very common to translate -ing sentence subjects using the Spanish infinitive (the verb form ending in -ar, -er or -ir). However, sometimes there is a separate noun, not a word that is also a verb form, that can be used as well or instead. Sometimes, especially when the -ing word is the object of a verb, the sentence may need to be recast for translation. Seeing is believing. Ver es creer.Buying on the Internet is a simple process. Es un proceso simple el comprar por Internet.Crying doesnt do any good. Llorar no sirve de nada.Swimming is the most complete sport. La natacià ³n es el deporte mà ¡s completo. El nadar es el deporte mas completo.The meeting in London ended without an agreement. La reunià ³n acaba sin acuerdos.Theyre fatter because of eating cheap food. Son mà ¡s gordos por comer alimentos baratos.I am thinking about attending a university in the United States. Pienso asistir a una universidad en Estados Unidos.I prefer your living here. Prefiero que vivas aquà ­. -Ing Words as Adjectives When an English -ing word functions as an adjective, it can sometimes be translated as an adjectival present participle, a form ending in -ante or -ente. But where none exists, which is usually the case, some other adjective or clause must be used. It may be necessary to recast the sentence for direct translation. Soul is another way of saying person or living being. Alma es otra manera de decir persona o ser viviente.I cant hear the snoring man. No puedo oà ­r el hombre que ronca.The drink can have a calming influence. La bebida puede proporcionar una influencia calmante.I dont have her forwarding address. No tengo su nueva direccià ³n para reenvà ­o de correo.She is a very loving person. Es una persona muy carià ±osa. Es una persona que ama mucho.There are many people wanting to earn more money. Hay mucha gente que quiera ganar mà ¡s dinero. -Ing Words As Adverbs The Spanish gerund can be used as an adverb much the same way it can be in English. The princess went away singing because she felt happy. La princesa se fue cantando porque se sentà ­a feliz.He studied, thinking about her. Él estudiaba pensando en ella. Imported Terms Although their practice is criticized by purists, many Spanish speakers have adopted a few English -ing words outright, making them Spanish nouns. Examples include jogging, marketing and camping. Note, however, that these words often change in meaning once they are adopted into the language. Camping, for example, can be synonymous with the English noun, but it also can mean a campground or campsite. Marketing is an economic activity that pursues strategies for optimizing sales. El marketing es una actividad econà ³mica que busca estrategias para optimizar las ventas.Jogging can be done anywhere. El footing se puede realizar en cualquier lugar.

A Simple Trick for Good Topics for Expository Essay Uncovered

A Simple Trick for Good Topics for Expository Essay Uncovered Expository essay writing isn't a tough task as it pertains from the center of the writer. There isn't anything like a decent expository essay example! The only thing we recommend to do before you begin working on your expository essay is to make a correct outline. It is just a simple reproduction of a material that anyone can learn. Good Topics for Expository Essay Secrets That No One Else Knows About There are dozens and dozens of compelling topics out there which can be meticulously explored, but choosing one that you're interested in would allow it to be a tiny bit easier and more fun. An essay is merely a string of thoughts which have been put in order to create a coherent idea. Expository essay is a superb means to educate your readers on any topic by only providing useful information without attempting to convince a reader to modify their beliefs. Good Topics for Expository Essay Options Writing your essay by yourself isn't always possible due to a number of constraints like time crunch, an emergency, etc.. In an expository essay, you're attempting to spell out how something works or why you think that it's a superb idea. The second advice is to choose something which isn't too wide. Hurry up to complete an essay order form at the website and forget about worries! Every essay has an identical structure, and you may never fail if your paper has a good introduction, a coherent principal body and a concise conclusion. To begin with, a quick explanation of the game needs to be written. So, here are a number of parts of advice to earn the procedure for composing a great expository essay simpler. Write an adequate introduction and you're off to an excellent start. Once you have done that, start looking for some more information concerning the topics and when you could be certain that the very first topic on your list satisfies you, start planning your essay. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you will work on. If you're assigned to write on expository topics and don't understand how to start or don't have any opportunity to do this by yourself, place an order on the Order Page. All these types of writing provide sufficient details on this issue in easy to know the logical purchase. Writing about social topics isn't a simple endeavor, because many social issues give more than 1 perspective, and occasionally it's hard to locate a proper definition of a chosen topic. Expository essays have to analyze a specific issue and supply information about the means of analyze (for instance, statistics). Needless to say, there are different topics, so in case you haven't found something you want, you need to do more research. For a great expository essay about politics and history find some great academic resources to utilize for your research and make certain that you can depend on them. Facts, Fiction and Good Topics for Expository Essay Writing these sorts of essays is imperative for everybody, not just students. For most students, a thesis is the most difficult section of an essay to write. Don't forget that such sorts of essays are extremely wide-spread at educational facilities of all levels and you will likely have such assignments frequently. Expository essa y is a kind of paper that's super common for all degrees of education. Good Topics for Expository Essay Fundamentals Explained Write an essay about where you mean to go. Make sure you have sufficient available sources for writing an expository essay on specific topic. You won't ever locate any bit of your essay online, as we always check the papers on the ideal plagiarism detector. Check with your expository essay outline and stick to the expository essay format in writing the remainder of your paper. Creating an effective essay of this kind might seem to be a harder task in contrast to other essays. After you've decided on an expository essay topic, you will most likely need several suggestions about how to organize the procedure for writing. Check if paragraphs are positioned correctly and ensure that there are good transitions. Now as you understand what an expository writing is, allow me to suggest you numerous topics that could inspire composing a fantastic expository essay. You cannot begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. Writing a great expository essay isn't difficult whatsoever. The exact first step in writing an interesting expository essay is to decide on an excellent topic.

Great Gatsby (1465 words) Essay Example For Students

Great Gatsby (1465 words) Essay Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel about one mansdisenchantment with the American dream. In the story we get a glimpse into thelife of Jay Gatsby, a man who aspired to achieve a position among the Americanrich to win the heart of his true love, Daisy Fay. Gatsbys downfall was in thefact that he was unable to determine that concealed boundary between reality andillusion in his life. The Great Gatsby is a tightly structured, symbolicallycompressed novel whose predominant images and symbols reinforce the idea thatGatsbys dream exists on borrowed time. Fitzgerald perfectly understood theinadequacy of Gatsbys romantic view of wealth. At a young age he met and fellin love with Ginevra King, a Chicago girl who enjoyed the wealth and socialposition to which Fitzgerald was always drawn. After being rejected by Ginevrabecause of his lower social standing, Fitzgerald came away with a sense ofsocial inadequacy, a deep hurt, and a longing for the girl beyond attainme nt. This disappointment grew into distrust and envy of the American rich and theirlifestyle. These personal feelings are expressed in Gatsby. The rich symbolizethe failure of a civilization and the way of life and this flaw becomes apparentin the characters of Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Nick Carraway, the narrator of thestory, quickly became disillusioned with the upper social class after havingdinner at their home on the fashionable East Egg Island. Nick is forcedunwillingly to observe the violent contrast between their opportunities- what isimplied by the gracious surface of their existence- and the seamy undersidewhich is its reality (Way 93). In the Buchanans, and in Nicks reactionto them, Fitzgerald shows us how completely the American upper class has failedto become an aristocracy. The Buchanans represent cowardice, corruption, and thedemise of Gatsbys dream Gatsby, unlike Fitzgerald himself, never discovers howhe has been betrayed by the class he has idealized for so long. For Gatsby , thefailure of the rich has disastrous consequences. Gatsbys desire to achieve hisdream leads him to West Egg Island. He purchased a mansion across the bay fromDaisys home. There is a green light at the end of Daisys dock that is visibleat night from the windows and lawn of Gatsbys house. This green light is one ofthe central symbols of the novel. In chapter one, Nick observes Gatsby in thedark as he looks longingly across the bay with arms stretched outward toward thegreen light. It becomes apparent, as the story progresses that the wholebeing of Gatsby exists only in relation to what the green light symbolizes Thisfirst sight, that we have of Gatsby, is a ritualistic tableau that literallycontains the meaning of the completed book (Bewley 41). A broaderdefinition of the green lights significance is revealed in Chapter 5, as Gatsbyand Daisy stand at one of the windows in his mansion. If it wasnt for themist we could see your home across the bay, said Gatsby. You alwayshave a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock.Daisy put her arm through his abruptly, but he seemed absorbed in what hehad just said. Possibly it had occurred to him that the colossal significance ofthat light had vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that hadseparated him from Daisy it has seemed very near to her, almost touching her. Ithad seemed so close as a star to the moon. Now it was again a green light on adock. His count of enchanted objects has diminished by one (Fitzgerald94). Gatsby had believed in the green light, it made his dream seem attainable. .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a , .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .postImageUrl , .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a , .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:hover , .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:visited , .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:active { border:0!important; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:active , .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02382efbcf8c77bcfcd772f04645a74a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: †Lord of the Flies† by William Golding Commentary Sample EssayUpon meeting Daisy again, after a five-year separation, Gatsby discovers thatsometimes attaining a desired object can bring a sense of loss rather thanfulfillment. It is when Gatsby makes this discovery that the green light is nolonger the central image of a great dream, but only a green light at the end ofa dock. The most obvious symbol in The Great Gatsby is a waste land called theValley of Ashes, a dumping ground that lies between East and West Egg and NewYork City. Symbolically the green breast of the new world(Fitzgerald 182) becomes this Valley of Ashes. As the illusions of youth giveway to the disillusionment of the thirties, so green hopes give way to the dustof disappointment. Certainly Gatsbys dreams turn to ashes; and it isdramatically appropriate that the custodian of the Valley of Ashes, GeorgeWilson, should be Gatsbys murderer. That Wilson is the demise of Gatsbysdream- and that the dream gives way to ashes- is made clear through descriptivedetail. Over the desolate area, known as the Valley of Ashes, brood the eyes ofDr. T. J. Eckleburg. Gatsby is a kind of T. J. Eckleburg; he has created agod like image of himself, but the image is doomed- the dream will turn to dust-and like Eckleburg, Gatsby also has occasion to brood over the ashes of thepast, over the solemn dumping ground of worn out hopes (Lehan 121). Thedeath of Gatsby comes ironically from George Wilsons total misunderstanding ofthe world from which the Buchanans and Myrtle come. The eyes of Dr. Eckleburg,brooding over the Valley of Ashes, become what is left of the Son of God Gatsbyhas imagined himself to be. As the novel closes, the experience of Gatsby andhis broken dream become the focus of that historic dream for which he stands. Inthe final thoughts of the novel, Fitzgerald would like the reader to see a muchbroader picture of the theme- a vision of America as the continent of lostinnocence and lost illusions. He compares Gatsbys experience to that of theDutch Sailors who first came to Long Island and had an unspoiled continentbefore them. As Nick lies on the beach in front of Gatsbys home, his last nightin the East, he contemplates this thought, I became aware of the oldisland that flowered once for Dutch sailors eyes a fresh green breast of thenew world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsbys house,had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; fora transitory enchanted moment man must have held his breath in the presence ofthis continent, compelled into an aesthetic contemplation he neither understoodnor desired, face to f ace for the last time in history with somethingcommensurate to his capacity for wonder. I thought of Gatsbys wonder when hefirst picked out the green light at the end of Daisys dock. He had come a longway to this blue lawn, and his dream must have seemed so close he could hardlyfail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him(Fitzgerald 182). Gatsbys greatness was to have retained a sense of wonder asdeep as the sailors on that first landfall. Gatsbys tragedy was to have had,not a continent to wonder at, but only a green light at the end of Daisys Dockand the triviality of Daisy herself. The evolution of such triviality wasGatsbys particular tragedy and the tragedy of America. Gatsby fades into thepast forever to take his place with the Dutch sailors who had chosen theirmoment in time so much more happily than he. By the close of the novel,Fitzgerald has completely convinced the reader that Gatsbys capacity forillusion is touching and heroic, despite the worthlessnes s of the objects of hisdreams. It is through combining faultless artistry with symbolism thatFitzgerald paints a vivid picture of the dream destined to fail because itsbasis was illusion. not reality The Great Gatsby Cary L. Pannell Eng. 206 Roughdraft of Final Word Count 1328 Thesis: The Great Gatsby is a tightly structured,symbolically compressed novel in which predominant images and symbols reinforcethe idea that Gatsbys dream exists on borrowed time. I. American Rich symbolizethe failure of a civilization. A. Fitzgeralds feelings toward wealthy B. Nicksdisappointment with Buchanans C. Rich fail as aristocracy D. Gatsby betrayed byclass he idealized II. Green light symbolizes hope. A. Gatsbys beingsignificant to symbolism of green light. B. Green light ceases to be anenchanted object. III. Most obvious symbol is Valley of Ashes. A. Hope gives wayto dust of disappointment. B. Death and destruction of dreams lie among ashes. .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b , .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .postImageUrl , .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b , .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:hover , .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:visited , .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:active { border:0!important; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:active , .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36dcf07fcaea30731fb232f0ae689f2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr. EssayC. T.J. Eckelbergs eyes are God-like symbol. IV. America the continent of lostinnocence and illusions. A. Gatsbys experience compared to Dutch sailors. B. Gatsbys tragedy was triviality of Daisy. Conclusion: Symbolism and artistrypaint a vivid picture of a dream destined to fail. BibliographyBewley, Marius. Scott Fitzgerald and the Collapse of the AmericanDream. Modern Critical Views F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Chelsea HousePublishers. 1985. p. 41. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York:Charles Scribners Sons. 1925 Lehan, Richard D. The Great Gatsby. F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Craft of Fiction. Chicago: Southern Illinois UniversityPress. 1966. p. 121. Way, Brian. The Great Gatsby. Modern CriticalInterpretations F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. New York: Chelsea HousePublishers. 1986. p. 93.